Background & Aim: Pain can detrimentally affect physical functioning, psychological well-being and social interaction. Various attitudinal factors may be associated with inadequate pain control. Hence, studies should be undertaken to gain a better understanding of association between pain control attitudes and use of analgesics and cancer pain intensity. This study aimed to determine relationship between pain control attitudes and use of analgesics and pain intensity in cancer patients with pain.Methods & Materials: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with 200 cancer patients who underwent chemotherapy or radiotherapy and experienced pain in previous 24 hours. The pain control attitudes, use of analgesics, worrisome about using analgesics and physical and psychological impacts of pain were measured using questionnaires. The cancer pain intensity was measured using the visual analogue scale. Validity and reliability of the instruments were evaluated. Data were analyzed using independent t-test and ANOVA.Results: About 58% of patients agreed that they would wait before asking for help. Besides, the findings indicated that willing to tolerate pain and perceived control over pain were associated with the time and frequency of taking analgesic and pain intensity in previous 24 hours and last week. Also concerns about addiction to pain-relieving medications were related to the analgesic type and pain intensity within last week (P=0.03), and fear of injection was related to analgesic use and pain intensity within last week (P<0.001).Conclusion: Many cancer patients had attitudes which could interfere with pain relieving. Suggestions are made for developing patient education programs, accessing effective cancer pain controls and decision making for cancer pain relief.

Introduction: Self-Management education is the key component of diabetes care. Furthermore, high levels of patient non-compliance or non-adherence to the treatment regimen suggest that patient education for selfManagement is faced with some shortcomings. This study aimed to identify Barriers to effective diabetes selfManagement education.Methods: This is a traditional review of published studies during 1990-2010 on Barriers to diabetes selfManagement and control. Electronic search through Iranian and international databases was done.Results: Barriers to effective diabetes self-Management education were put in two main categories including patient-related Barriers and caregiver-related Barriers. The most common patient-related Barriers are demographic Barriers (such as age, sex, education, and health literacy), financial problems, lack of attention to the disease, psychological problems, and insufficient knowledge. Patient-caregiver relationship, inadequate knowledge, and high workload were caregiver-related Barriers.Conclusion: The results of this review introduced a variety of factors that can affect the effectiveness of diabetes self-Management education. Patients and caregivers are facing serious challenges due to these Barriers. Understanding and attemping to overcome these Barriers may help us to empower patients to achieve self-Management.